税收非对称性与银行风险监管关系研究

通过将银行收入税的非对称性引入模型,分析银行在存在风险的情况下如何确定最优贷款期限以及收入税将如何影响银行决策者的决策过程,然后采用一个动态博弈的框架来讨论最优的银行监管政策。结果表明,非对称性的收入税对银行的贷款风险大小产生影响,它使得银行开始关心并减少风险,为银行业的监管和减少不良贷款提供了一个思路。     

A Tale of Two Rigidities: Sticky Prices in a Sticky‐Information Environment

Macroeconomic models with microeconomic foundations allow for comparisons with macro and micro empirical evidence. This paper proposes a model wherein firms: (i) acquire information infrequently, generating sticky information ( Mankiw and Reis 2002 ) and (ii) face menu costs, producing state‐dependent sticky prices. I estimate parameters via indirect inference and show that under considerable real rigidity, sticky prices in a sticky‐information environment are consistent with micro and macro evidence. Sticky prices not only help match micro data on price changes’ size and durations between adjustments; they also improve the model's fit with the macro data, as embodied in an empirical Phillips curve.     

Tax and the Crisis*

Did taxation play any role in precipitating the financial crisis? Are there lessons to be drawn for future tax reform priorities? This paper reviews the main channels by which tax effects might have been felt and which may require forceful attention. These include in particular the large tax biases favouring debt finance and, in some countries, investment in housing. The complexities of national tax codes, and the international interaction between them, have, moreover, encouraged the use of complicated financial instruments and international tax planning, reducing transparency. Tax distortions did not cause the crisis – in the sense that there are no obvious tax changes likely to have triggered it – but they may well have contributed by leading to higher leverage and more complexity than would otherwise have been the case. Most of these distortions have long been a source of concern, but dealing with them may be more important than previously supposed.     

Unemployment,Government Spending and the Laffer Effect*

The paper studies the effects of income tax rate changes in a general equilibrium model with frictional unemployment. Laffer curve effects, by which a tax rate reduction may increase the level of government spending or its share in output, are shown to be possible under certain conditions. These are the presence of unemployment benefit payments, government budget balance through fiscal spending adjustment and limited quantitative importance of labour reallocation costs. Endogenous government spending acts as a fiscal accelerator if the fiscal burden of unemployment benefit payments is large, but reduces the employment effects of tax rate cuts if it is low.     

物业税改革对地区间税收分配差距的影响

本文通过对地区间税收分配差距指标的分析,认为开征物业税很可能会扩大我国地区间税收分配差距。在当前物业税改革过程中,需要充分重视该问题的研究。建议将土地出让金制度和财政转移支付制度改革,作为物业税改革总体规划的重要配套措施,统筹设计相关制度,以有效防止地区间税收分配差距的不合理扩大,促进地区间经济协调、平衡发展。     

统筹城乡发展:理论演进与财税政策

新中国成立以来,非均衡发展的战略使我国形成了以二元户籍制度为核心的城乡分割的二元经济、社会体制。本文对二元经济理论的演进路径进行了梳理,提出我国财税政策要从保障城乡公民基本权利、促进劳动力自由流动、提高农业劳动生产率、加快农村专业化水平与分工等方面支持统筹城乡发展,并对财税体制进行相应变革。     

出口信用保险对我国出口贸易影响的实证分析

出口作为拉动经济发展的＂三驾马车＂之一,在我国经济发展中起到举足轻重的作用,为了促进出口贸易的发展,我国实施了多项出口贸易鼓励政策。本文对出口退税、出口信用保险、出口贸易三个变量进行协整分析,并通过VAR模型估计以及脉冲响应函数及方差分解的实证分析,得出三个变量的相互关系;同时通过两个因素的实证比较,得出出口信用保险虽然在短期内对出口贸易的影响还不够显著,但从长期看却是显著的,并且要大于出口退税对出口贸易的影响程度,最后提出发展我国出口信用保险的政策建议。     

论提升我国税制的国际竞争力:基于对外贸易的视角

税制竞争力是对税收竞争研究的延续、拓展和提升。然而,货物贸易的出口退税不彻底、政策频繁调整、服务贸易不能出口退税、税制的国际协调能力亟待加强等原因,严重制约了我国对外贸易税制的竞争力。因此,应以提高税制竞争力为目标,促进我国对外贸易税制的科学发展,从统一营业税与增值税、完善出口退税制度和加强税制的国际协调能力三个方面着手进行改革。     

应对金融危机的税收政策评价与思考

为了减少金融危机的冲击,各国纷纷采取税收政策来刺激经济。从实施情况看,各国主要是以凯恩斯理论为指导进行税收政策的调整。尽管程度不一,侧重点也有所差别,但主要是在所得税上做文章,再辅之以流转税的微调。由于我国经济基础和发达国家不同,不能简单地将凯恩斯的短期分析方法拿来应对长期性问题,需要平衡以应急为目标的基础设施投资刺激与促进消费增长为目标的结构调整。因此,我国税收政策的能量应该释放到有利于改革和结构转换的方向上来,具体可从降低税收增速、调整税制结构、进行分税制税收管理体制改革、加强非税收入管理等方面着手。     

个人所得税、城镇居民收入与消费关系实证研究

运用动态计量方法对个人所得税和城镇居民收入对城镇居民消费的影响进行的实证分析表明:长期来看收入是影响城镇居民消费行为的主要因素,但由于平滑消费倾向、收支预期的不确定性,在短期城镇居民收入增加对消费的促进作用较小;在现阶段,由于个税相对规模、征收范围、征收率、纳税方式的制约,个人所得税并未真正成为制约城镇居民消费的因素;在长期城镇居民消费表现出棘轮效应。